Ambrose Bierce
A satirist and American born Gothic
author. Born in Ohio in 1842, he is best known for his short story
“An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge”.
First published poem 1867 “The
Basilica”
First published short story 1871 “The
Haunted Valley”
First published Book 1872 “The
Friends Delight”
Second book 1873 “Nuggets and Dust”
Third book 1875 “Cobwebs from an
Empty Skull”
First Book of published fiction stories
1891 “Tales of Soldiers and Civilians” known in England as “The
Midst of Life” (1892)
Rewrites the German fable known as “The
Monk and the Hangman's Daughter”. 1892
1892 publishes satirical poetry “Black
Beetle in Amber”
Publishes supernatural tales in “Can
Such Things Be?” in 1893
Publishes “Fantastic Fables” in
1899
1903 Publishes a collection of verse
“Shapes of Clay”.
1906 Doubleday publishes “The Devil's
Dictionary”.
1909 Publishes “The Shadow on the
Dial and Other Essays”.
“Write it Right”, a classic Bierce
text on writing is published in 1909.
1909-12 A Collection of Ambrose Bierce
works is published by Neale Publishing.
1914 Bierce disappears in Mexico and is
never heard from again.
(Chronology from the Ambrose Bierce site)
He was a veteran soldier and enlisted
three times he saw a lot of the Civil War maybe part of his cynicism
was derived from his seeing the worst of human nature amid the
horrors of war. He watched two of his three children die in
unfortunate circumstances. He worked for various newspapers,
magazines and journals, wrote numerous columns, stories and essays
and was employed by publishing giant William Randolph Hearst.
He is also known for “The Devil's
Dictionary”, described as a collection of dark and bitter
definitions for common terms. For example:
DENTIST, n. A
prestidigitator who, putting metal into your mouth, pulls coins out
of your pocket.
DICTATOR, n. The
chief of a nation that prefers the pestilence of despotism to the
plague of
anarchy.
LAWYER, n. One
skilled in circumvention of the law.
POLITENESS, n.
The most acceptable hypocrisy.
POLITICS,
n. A strife of interests
masquerading as a contest of principles. The conduct of public
affairs for private advantage.
From Project Gutenberg:
AN OCCURRENCE AT OWL
CREEK BRIDGE
by
Ambrose Bierce
THE MILLENNIUM FULCRUM EDITION, 1988
A man stood upon a railroad bridge in northern Alabama, looking
down into the swift water twenty feet below. The man's hands were
behind his back, the wrists bound with a cord. A rope closely
encircled his neck. It was attached to a stout cross-timber above his
head and the slack fell to the level of his knees. Some loose boards
laid upon the ties supporting the rails of the railway supplied a
footing for him and his executioners—two private soldiers of the
Federal army, directed by a sergeant who in civil life may have been
a deputy sheriff. At a short remove upon the same temporary platform
was an officer in the uniform of his rank, armed. He was a captain. A
sentinel at each end of the bridge stood with his rifle in the
position known as "support," that is to say, vertical in
front of the left shoulder, the hammer resting on the forearm thrown
straight across the chest—a formal and unnatural position,
enforcing an erect carriage of the body. It did not appear to be the
duty of these two men to know what was occurring at the center of the
bridge; they merely blockaded the two ends of the foot planking that
traversed it.
Beyond one of the sentinels nobody was in sight; the railroad ran
straight away into a forest for a hundred yards, then, curving, was
lost to view. Doubtless there was an outpost farther along. The other
bank of the stream was open ground—a gentle slope topped with a
stockade of vertical tree trunks, loopholed for rifles, with a single
embrasure through which protruded the muzzle of a brass cannon
commanding the bridge. Midway up the slope between the bridge and
fort were the spectators—a single company of infantry in line, at
"parade rest," the butts of their rifles on the ground, the
barrels inclining slightly backward against the right shoulder, the
hands crossed upon the stock. A lieutenant stood at the right of the
line, the point of his sword upon the ground, his left hand resting
upon his right. Excepting the group of four at the center of the
bridge, not a man moved. The company faced the bridge, staring
stonily, motionless. The sentinels, facing the banks of the stream,
might have been statues to adorn the bridge. The captain stood with
folded arms, silent, observing the work of his subordinates, but
making no sign. Death is a dignitary who when he comes announced is
to be received with formal manifestations of respect, even by those
most familiar with him. In the code of military etiquette silence and
fixity are forms of deference.
The man who was engaged in being hanged was apparently about
thirty-five years of age. He was a civilian, if one might judge from
his habit, which was that of a planter. His features were good—a
straight nose, firm mouth, broad forehead, from which his long, dark
hair was combed straight back, falling behind his ears to the collar
of his well fitting frock coat. He wore a moustache and pointed
beard, but no whiskers; his eyes were large and dark gray, and had a
kindly expression which one would hardly have expected in one whose
neck was in the hemp. Evidently this was no vulgar assassin. The
liberal military code makes provision for hanging many kinds of
persons, and gentlemen are not excluded.
The preparations being complete, the two private soldiers stepped
aside and each drew away the plank upon which he had been standing.
The sergeant turned to the captain, saluted and placed himself
immediately behind that officer, who in turn moved apart one pace.
These movements left the condemned man and the sergeant standing on
the two ends of the same plank, which spanned three of the cross-ties
of the bridge. The end upon which the civilian stood almost, but not
quite, reached a fourth. This plank had been held in place by the
weight of the captain; it was now held by that of the sergeant. At a
signal from the former the latter would step aside, the plank would
tilt and the condemned man go down between two ties. The arrangement
commended itself to his judgement as simple and effective. His face
had not been covered nor his eyes bandaged. He looked a moment at his
"unsteadfast footing," then let his gaze wander to the
swirling water of the stream racing madly beneath his feet. A piece
of dancing driftwood caught his attention and his eyes followed it
down the current. How slowly it appeared to move! What a sluggish
stream!
He closed his eyes in order to fix his last thoughts upon his wife
and children. The water, touched to gold by the early sun, the
brooding mists under the banks at some distance down the stream, the
fort, the soldiers, the piece of drift—all had distracted him. And
now he became conscious of a new disturbance. Striking through the
thought of his dear ones was sound which he could neither ignore nor
understand, a sharp, distinct, metallic percussion like the stroke of
a blacksmith's hammer upon the anvil; it had the same ringing
quality. He wondered what it was, and whether immeasurably distant or
near by— it seemed both. Its recurrence was regular, but as slow as
the tolling of a death knell. He awaited each new stroke with
impatience and—he knew not why—apprehension. The intervals of
silence grew progressively longer; the delays became maddening. With
their greater infrequency the sounds increased in strength and
sharpness. They hurt his ear like the trust of a knife; he feared he
would shriek. What he heard was the ticking of his watch.
He unclosed his eyes and saw again the water below him. "If I
could free my hands," he thought, "I might throw off the
noose and spring into the stream. By diving I could evade the bullets
and, swimming vigorously, reach the bank, take to the woods and get
away home. My home, thank God, is as yet outside their lines; my wife
and little ones are still beyond the invader's farthest advance."
As these thoughts, which have here to be set down in words, were
flashed into the doomed man's brain rather than evolved from it the
captain nodded to the sergeant. The sergeant stepped aside.
II
Peyton Farquhar was a well to do planter, of an old and highly
respected Alabama family. Being a slave owner and like other slave
owners a politician, he was naturally an original secessionist and
ardently devoted to the Southern cause. Circumstances of an imperious
nature, which it is unnecessary to relate here, had prevented him
from taking service with that gallant army which had fought the
disastrous campaigns ending with the fall of Corinth, and he chafed
under the inglorious restraint, longing for the release of his
energies, the larger life of the soldier, the opportunity for
distinction. That opportunity, he felt, would come, as it comes to
all in wartime. Meanwhile he did what he could. No service was too
humble for him to perform in the aid of the South, no adventure to
perilous for him to undertake if consistent with the character of a
civilian who was at heart a soldier, and who in good faith and
without too much qualification assented to at least a part of the
frankly villainous dictum that all is fair in love and war.
One evening while Farquhar and his wife were sitting on a rustic
bench near the entrance to his grounds, a gray-clad soldier rode up
to the gate and asked for a drink of water. Mrs. Farquhar was only
too happy to serve him with her own white hands. While she was
fetching the water her husband approached the dusty horseman and
inquired eagerly for news from the front.
"The Yanks are repairing the railroads," said the man,
"and are getting ready for another advance. They have reached
the Owl Creek bridge, put it in order and built a stockade on the
north bank. The commandant has issued an order, which is posted
everywhere, declaring that any civilian caught interfering with the
railroad, its bridges, tunnels, or trains will be summarily hanged. I
saw the order."
"How far is it to the Owl Creek bridge?" Farquhar asked.
"About thirty miles."
"Is there no force on this side of the creek?"
"Only a picket post half a mile out, on the railroad, and a
single sentinel at this end of the bridge."
"Suppose a man—a civilian and student of hanging—should
elude the picket post and perhaps get the better of the sentinel,"
said Farquhar, smiling, "what could he accomplish?"
The soldier reflected. "I was there a month ago," he
replied. "I observed that the flood of last winter had lodged a
great quantity of driftwood against the wooden pier at this end of
the bridge. It is now dry and would burn like tinder."
The lady had now brought the water, which the soldier drank. He
thanked her ceremoniously, bowed to her husband and rode away. An
hour later, after nightfall, he repassed the plantation, going
northward in the direction from which he had come. He was a Federal
scout.
III
As Peyton Farquhar fell straight downward through the bridge he
lost consciousness and was as one already dead. From this state he
was awakened—ages later, it seemed to him—by the pain of a sharp
pressure upon his throat, followed by a sense of suffocation. Keen,
poignant agonies seemed to shoot from his neck downward through every
fiber of his body and limbs. These pains appeared to flash along well
defined lines of ramification and to beat with an inconceivably rapid
periodicity. They seemed like streams of pulsating fire heating him
to an intolerable temperature. As to his head, he was conscious of
nothing but a feeling of fullness—of congestion. These sensations
were unaccompanied by thought. The intellectual part of his nature
was already effaced; he had power only to feel, and feeling was
torment. He was conscious of motion. Encompassed in a luminous cloud,
of which he was now merely the fiery heart, without material
substance, he swung through unthinkable arcs of oscillation, like a
vast pendulum. Then all at once, with terrible suddenness, the light
about him shot upward with the noise of a loud splash; a frightful
roaring was in his ears, and all was cold and dark. The power of
thought was restored; he knew that the rope had broken and he had
fallen into the stream. There was no additional strangulation; the
noose about his neck was already suffocating him and kept the water
from his lungs. To die of hanging at the bottom of a river!—the
idea seemed to him ludicrous. He opened his eyes in the darkness and
saw above him a gleam of light, but how distant, how inaccessible! He
was still sinking, for the light became fainter and fainter until it
was a mere glimmer. Then it began to grow and brighten, and he knew
that he was rising toward the surface—knew it with reluctance, for
he was now very comfortable. "To be hanged and drowned," he
thought, "that is not so bad; but I do not wish to be shot. No;
I will not be shot; that is not fair."
He was not conscious of an effort, but a sharp pain in his wrist
apprised him that he was trying to free his hands. He gave the
struggle his attention, as an idler might observe the feat of a
juggler, without interest in the outcome. What splendid effort!—what
magnificent, what superhuman strength! Ah, that was a fine endeavor!
Bravo! The cord fell away; his arms parted and floated upward, the
hands dimly seen on each side in the growing light. He watched them
with a new interest as first one and then the other pounced upon the
noose at his neck. They tore it away and thrust it fiercely aside,
its undulations resembling those of a water snake. "Put it back,
put it back!" He thought he shouted these words to his hands,
for the undoing of the noose had been succeeded by the direst pang
that he had yet experienced. His neck ached horribly; his brain was
on fire, his heart, which had been fluttering faintly, gave a great
leap, trying to force itself out at his mouth. His whole body was
racked and wrenched with an insupportable anguish! But his
disobedient hands gave no heed to the command. They beat the water
vigorously with quick, downward strokes, forcing him to the surface.
He felt his head emerge; his eyes were blinded by the sunlight; his
chest expanded convulsively, and with a supreme and crowning agony
his lungs engulfed a great draught of air, which instantly he
expelled in a shriek!
He was now in full possession of his physical senses. They were,
indeed, preternaturally keen and alert. Something in the awful
disturbance of his organic system had so exalted and refined them
that they made record of things never before perceived. He felt the
ripples upon his face and heard their separate sounds as they struck.
He looked at the forest on the bank of the stream, saw the individual
trees, the leaves and the veining of each leaf—he saw the very
insects upon them: the locusts, the brilliant bodied flies, the gray
spiders stretching their webs from twig to twig. He noted the
prismatic colors in all the dewdrops upon a million blades of grass.
The humming of the gnats that danced above the eddies of the stream,
the beating of the dragon flies' wings, the strokes of the water
spiders' legs, like oars which had lifted their boat—all these made
audible music. A fish slid along beneath his eyes and he heard the
rush of its body parting the water.
He had come to the surface facing down the stream; in a moment the
visible world seemed to wheel slowly round, himself the pivotal
point, and he saw the bridge, the fort, the soldiers upon the bridge,
the captain, the sergeant, the two privates, his executioners. They
were in silhouette against the blue sky. They shouted and
gesticulated, pointing at him. The captain had drawn his pistol, but
did not fire; the others were unarmed. Their movements were grotesque
and horrible, their forms gigantic.
Suddenly he heard a sharp report and something struck the water
smartly within a few inches of his head, spattering his face with
spray. He heard a second report, and saw one of the sentinels with
his rifle at his shoulder, a light cloud of blue smoke rising from
the muzzle. The man in the water saw the eye of the man on the bridge
gazing into his own through the sights of the rifle. He observed that
it was a gray eye and remembered having read that gray eyes were
keenest, and that all famous marksmen had them. Nevertheless, this
one had missed.
A counter-swirl had caught Farquhar and turned him half round; he
was again looking at the forest on the bank opposite the fort. The
sound of a clear, high voice in a monotonous singsong now rang out
behind him and came across the water with a distinctness that pierced
and subdued all other sounds, even the beating of the ripples in his
ears. Although no soldier, he had frequented camps enough to know the
dread significance of that deliberate, drawling, aspirated chant; the
lieutenant on shore was taking a part in the morning's work. How
coldly and pitilessly—with what an even, calm intonation,
presaging, and enforcing tranquility in the men—with what
accurately measured interval fell those cruel words:
"Company!… Attention!… Shoulder arms!… Ready!… Aim!…
Fire!"
Farquhar dived—dived as deeply as he could. The water roared in
his ears like the voice of Niagara, yet he heard the dull thunder of
the volley and, rising again toward the surface, met shining bits of
metal, singularly flattened, oscillating slowly downward. Some of
them touched him on the face and hands, then fell away, continuing
their descent. One lodged between his collar and neck; it was
uncomfortably warm and he snatched it out.
As he rose to the surface, gasping for breath, he saw that he had
been a long time under water; he was perceptibly farther
downstream—nearer to safety. The soldiers had almost finished
reloading; the metal ramrods flashed all at once in the sunshine as
they were drawn from the barrels, turned in the air, and thrust into
their sockets. The two sentinels fired again, independently and
ineffectually.
The hunted man saw all this over his shoulder; he was now swimming
vigorously with the current. His brain was as energetic as his arms
and legs; he thought with the rapidity of lightning:
"The officer," he reasoned, "will not make that
martinet's error a second time. It is as easy to dodge a volley as a
single shot. He has probably already given the command to fire at
will. God help me, I cannot dodge them all!"
An appalling splash within two yards of him was followed by a
loud, rushing sound, DIMINUENDO, which seemed to travel back through
the air to the fort and died in an explosion which stirred the very
river to its deeps! A rising sheet of water curved over him, fell
down upon him, blinded him, strangled him! The cannon had taken an
hand in the game. As he shook his head free from the commotion of the
smitten water he heard the deflected shot humming through the air
ahead, and in an instant it was cracking and smashing the branches in
the forest beyond.
"They will not do that again," he thought; "the
next time they will use a charge of grape. I must keep my eye upon
the gun; the smoke will apprise me—the report arrives too late; it
lags behind the missile. That is a good gun."
Suddenly he felt himself whirled round and round—spinning like a
top. The water, the banks, the forests, the now distant bridge, fort
and men, all were commingled and blurred. Objects were represented by
their colors only; circular horizontal streaks of color—that was
all he saw. He had been caught in a vortex and was being whirled on
with a velocity of advance and gyration that made him giddy and sick.
In few moments he was flung upon the gravel at the foot of the left
bank of the stream—the southern bank—and behind a projecting
point which concealed him from his enemies. The sudden arrest of his
motion, the abrasion of one of his hands on the gravel, restored him,
and he wept with delight. He dug his fingers into the sand, threw it
over himself in handfuls and audibly blessed it. It looked like
diamonds, rubies, emeralds; he could think of nothing beautiful which
it did not resemble. The trees upon the bank were giant garden
plants; he noted a definite order in their arrangement, inhaled the
fragrance of their blooms. A strange roseate light shone through the
spaces among their trunks and the wind made in their branches the
music of AEolian harps. He had not wish to perfect his escape—he
was content to remain in that enchanting spot until retaken.
A whiz and a rattle of grapeshot among the branches high above his
head roused him from his dream. The baffled cannoneer had fired him a
random farewell. He sprang to his feet, rushed up the sloping bank,
and plunged into the forest.
All that day he traveled, laying his course by the rounding sun.
The forest seemed interminable; nowhere did he discover a break in
it, not even a woodman's road. He had not known that he lived in so
wild a region. There was something uncanny in the revelation.
By nightfall he was fatigued, footsore, famished. The thought of
his wife and children urged him on. At last he found a road which led
him in what he knew to be the right direction. It was as wide and
straight as a city street, yet it seemed untraveled. No fields
bordered it, no dwelling anywhere. Not so much as the barking of a
dog suggested human habitation. The black bodies of the trees formed
a straight wall on both sides, terminating on the horizon in a point,
like a diagram in a lesson in perspective. Overhead, as he looked up
through this rift in the wood, shone great golden stars looking
unfamiliar and grouped in strange constellations. He was sure they
were arranged in some order which had a secret and malign
significance. The wood on either side was full of singular noises,
among which—once, twice, and again—he distinctly heard whispers
in an unknown tongue.
His neck was in pain and lifting his hand to it found it horribly
swollen. He knew that it had a circle of black where the rope had
bruised it. His eyes felt congested; he could no longer close them.
His tongue was swollen with thirst; he relieved its fever by
thrusting it forward from between his teeth into the cold air. How
softly the turf had carpeted the untraveled avenue—he could no
longer feel the roadway beneath his feet!
Doubtless, despite his suffering, he had fallen asleep while
walking, for now he sees another scene—perhaps he has merely
recovered from a delirium. He stands at the gate of his own home. All
is as he left it, and all bright and beautiful in the morning
sunshine. He must have traveled the entire night. As he pushes open
the gate and passes up the wide white walk, he sees a flutter of
female garments; his wife, looking fresh and cool and sweet, steps
down from the veranda to meet him. At the bottom of the steps she
stands waiting, with a smile of ineffable joy, an attitude of
matchless grace and dignity. Ah, how beautiful she is! He springs
forwards with extended arms. As he is about to clasp her he feels a
stunning blow upon the back of the neck; a blinding white light
blazes all about him with a sound like the shock of a cannon—then
all is darkness and silence!
Peyton Farquhar was dead; his body, with a broken neck, swung
gently from side to side beneath the timbers of the Owl Creek bridge.
ONE SUMMER NIGHT a short story by Ambrose Bierce
The
fact that Henry Armstrong was buried did not seem to him to prove
that he was dead: he had always been a hard man to convince.
That he really was buried, the testimony of his senses compelled him
to admit. His posture - flat upon his back, with his hands
crossed upon his stomach and tied with something that he easily broke
without profitably altering the situation - the strict confinement of
his entire person, the black darkness and profound silence, made a
body of evidence impossible to controvert and he accepted it without
cavil.
But dead - no; he was only very, very ill. He
had, withal, the invalid’s apathy and did not greatly concern
himself about the uncommon fate that had been allotted to him.
No philosopher was he - just a plain, commonplace person gifted, for
the time being, with a pathological indifference: the organ that he
feared consequences with was torpid. So, with no particular
apprehension for his immediate future, he fell asleep and all was
peace with Henry Armstrong.
But something was going on
overhead. It was a dark summer night, shot through with
infrequent shimmers of lightning silently firing a cloud lying low in
the west and portending a storm. These brief, stammering
illuminations brought out with ghastly distinctness the monuments and
headstones of the cemetery and seemed to set them dancing. It
was not a night in which any credible witness was likely to be
straying about a cemetery, so the three men who were there, digging
into the grave of Henry Armstrong, felt reasonably secure.
Two
of them were young students from a medical college a few miles away;
the third was a gigantic negro known as Jess. For many years
Jess had been employed about the cemetery as a man-of-all-work and it
was his favorite pleasantry that he knew “every soul in the
place.” From the nature of what he was now doing it was
inferable that the place was not so populous as its register may have
shown it to be.
Outside the wall, at the part of the grounds
farthest from the public road, were a horse and a light wagon,
waiting.
The work of excavation was not difficult: the earth
with which the grave had been loosely filled a few hours before
offered little resistance and was soon thrown out. Removal of
the casket from its box was less easy, but it was taken out, for it
was a perquisite of Jess, who carefully unscrewed the cover and laid
it aside, exposing the body in black trousers and white shirt.
At that instant the air sprang to flame, a cracking shock of thunder
shook the stunned world and Henry Armstrong tranquilly sat up.
With inarticulate cries the men fled in terror, each in a different
direction. For nothing on earth could two of them have been
persuaded to return. But Jess was of another breed.
In
the gray of the morning the two students, pallid and haggard from
anxiety and with the terror of their adventure still beating
tumultuously in their blood, met at the medical college.
“You
saw it?” cried one.
“God! yes - what are we to do?”
They
went around to the rear of the building, where they saw a horse,
attached to a light wagon, hitched to a gatepost near the door of the
dissecting-room. Mechanically they entered the room. On a
bench in the obscurity sat the negro Jess. He rose, grinning,
all eyes and teeth.
“I’m waiting for my pay,” he
said.
Stretched naked on a long table lay the body of Henry
Armstrong, the head defiled with blood and clay from a blow with a
spade.